The deoxyribose and phosphoric acid subunits are the same for each nucleotide. Each nucleotide has three components: Phosphoric acid or phosphate, the sugar deoxyribose and a heterocyclic nucleobase or base. Structure and Organization of DNA Building blocksĭeoxyribonucleic acid is a long chain molecule (polymer) made up of many building blocks called deoxyribonucleotides or nucleotides for short. Click here to learn more!Įdited by Christina Swords, Ph.D. Are you interested in decoding 100% of your DNA? Nebula Genomics offers the most affordable Whole Genome Sequencing! Begin a lifetime of discovery with full access to your genomic data, weekly updates based on the latest scientific discoveries, advanced ancestry analysis, and powerful genome exploration tools. The 3D structure of the DNA is that of a twisted ladder. Some viruses, so-called RNA viruses, store their genetic information in RNA instead of DNA. ![]() In bacteria and archaeae – the prokaryotes that have no cell nucleus – the DNA is located in the cytoplasm. ![]() Plants and algae also have DNA in photosynthetic organelles, the chloroplasts or plastids (cpDNA). A small part is located in the mitochondria, the “power stations” of the cells, and is accordingly called mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). In the cells of eukaryotes, which also include plants, animals and fungi, the majority of the DNA in the cell nucleus (Latin nucleus, therefore nuclear DNA or nDNA) is organized as chromosomes. The sequence of bases here determines the sequence of amino acids of the respective protein: The genetic code encodes a specific amino acid with three adjacent bases each. It in turn contains the information for the construction of proteins, which are necessary for the biological development of a living being and the metabolism in the cell. In protein-coding genes, this is an important RNA group, mRNA. The genes in the DNA contain the information for the production of ribonucleic acids. Its building blocks are four different nucleotides, each consisting of a phosphate residue, the sugar deoxyribose and one of four organic bases (adenine, thymine, guanine and cytosine, often abbreviated as A, T, G and C). In the normal state, DNA is constructed in the form of a double helix. The biomolecule located in the chromosomes is the carrier of genetic information in all living organisms and in many viruses (DNA viruses, pararetroviruses), i.e. ![]() Deoxyribonucleic acid is a nucleic acid that is a polynucleotide composed of a chain of many nucleotides.
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